Conditions we treat
55 conditions, each with symptoms, how we diagnose it, treatment options and what to expect.
Depression and mood disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is a treatable medical condition: at least two weeks of low mood or loss of interest plus changes in sleep, energy, appetite and concentration. - Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder causes episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. - Treatment-Resistant Depression
Treatment-resistant depression is major depression that has not remitted after two or more adequate antidepressant trials, affecting about one third of people treated for depression. - Seasonal Affective Disorder
Seasonal affective disorder is major depression with a recurring seasonal pattern, usually fall and winter. - Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Persistent depressive disorder is chronic depression lasting two years or more, with low mood on most days plus symptoms such as fatigue, poor self-esteem and hopelessness. - Chronic Pain and Depression
Chronic pain and depression occur together in a third to half of pain patients and worsen each other through shared brain pathways. - Depression in Older Adults
Depression in older adults is common, often shows as fatigue, pain, memory complaints or withdrawal rather than sadness, and responds well to treatment. - Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease
Depression and anxiety affect a third or more of people with Parkinson's disease and stem from the disease's effect on dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine circuits, not only the stress of diagnosis.
Anxiety disorders
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is chronic, excessive worry lasting six months or more with physical symptoms such as tension, restlessness and poor sleep. - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
OCD involves intrusive, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors or mental rituals performed to relieve the anxiety they cause. - Panic Disorder
Panic disorder involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks, sudden surges of intense fear with physical symptoms, followed by persistent worry about future attacks or avoidance. - Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations, leading to avoidance that limits work, school and relationships. - Specific Phobias
A specific phobia is an intense, lasting fear of a particular object or situation, such as flying, needles or heights, that leads to avoidance. - Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is persistent fear and avoidance of places where escape might be hard or help unavailable, such as crowds, transit, stores or being out alone. - Separation Anxiety Disorder
Separation anxiety disorder is excessive, persistent fear of being apart from attachment figures, affecting children, teens and adults. - Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder is a distressing preoccupation with perceived appearance flaws that others barely notice, accompanied by repetitive checking, grooming or comparing. - Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Trichotillomania (hair pulling) and excoriation disorder (skin picking) are body-focused repetitive behaviors that cause visible damage and distress despite repeated attempts to stop. - Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness anxiety disorder is persistent fear of having or developing a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms, lasting at least six months, with repeated checking, reassurance seeking or avoidance of medical care.
ADHD and neurodevelopmental
- ADHD in Adults and Children
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition causing persistent inattention, impulsivity and sometimes hyperactivity that begins in childhood and often continues into adulthood. - Autism Spectrum Disorder in Teens and Adults
Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental difference in social communication and in patterns of behavior, interests and sensory processing.
Trauma and stress
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD is a treatable condition that follows trauma, marked by intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood and hyperarousal lasting more than a month. - Dissociative Identity Disorder and Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders, including dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization-derealization disorder and dissociative amnesia, involve disruptions in memory, identity and sense of reality, usually rooted in trauma. - Acute Stress Disorder
Acute stress disorder is a severe stress reaction in the first month after trauma, with intrusive memories, dissociation, avoidance and hyperarousal.
Psychotic disorders
- Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and negative symptoms such as withdrawal and low motivation. - Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizoaffective disorder combines persistent psychosis with major mood episodes.
Personality disorders
- Borderline Personality Disorder
Borderline personality disorder involves intense, rapidly shifting emotions, unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, impulsivity and often self-harm. - Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder is a persistent pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and limited empathy, usually concealing fragile self-esteem. - Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial personality disorder is a persistent pattern of disregard for others' rights, with deceit, impulsivity, aggression and lack of remorse, preceded by conduct disorder in youth. - Avoidant Personality Disorder
Avoidant personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to rejection that leads to avoiding relationships and opportunities.
Sleep disorders
- Insomnia
Chronic insomnia is trouble falling or staying asleep at least three nights a week for three months with daytime impairment. - Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome is an urge to move the legs with uncomfortable sensations that worsen at rest and in the evening and ease with movement. - Sleep Paralysis
Sleep paralysis is a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking, often with vivid hallucinations, caused by REM sleep muscle paralysis persisting into wakefulness. - Nightmare Disorder and Sleep Terrors
Nightmare disorder is frequent, distressing dreams that wake you from REM sleep; sleep terrors are episodes of panic from deep non-REM sleep that are not remembered. - REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
REM sleep behavior disorder is the loss of normal muscle paralysis during dreaming, causing people to act out dreams with potentially injurious movements.
Eating disorders
- Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating
Eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder and ARFID are serious, treatable psychiatric conditions. - Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder is recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food with a sense of loss of control, at least weekly for three months, without purging.
Substance use
- Substance Use and Addiction Psychiatry
Substance use disorder is a treatable medical condition involving continued use of alcohol, opioids or other substances despite harm. - Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol use disorder is continued drinking despite harm, with loss of control, cravings and often tolerance or withdrawal. - Opioid Use Disorder
Opioid use disorder is compulsive opioid use despite harm, with cravings, tolerance and withdrawal.
Memory and cognition
- Cognitive Decline, Dementia and Memory Concerns
Cognitive decline ranges from normal aging to mild cognitive impairment to dementia, and depression, medications and medical conditions often mimic it. - Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia include agitation, aggression, psychosis, depression, apathy and sleep disturbance and affect up to 90 percent of people with dementia.
Women's mental health
- Postpartum Depression and Perinatal Mood Disorders
Postpartum depression is a depressive episode beginning in pregnancy or within a year of birth, affecting about one in eight mothers. - Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is severe mood, irritability and anxiety symptoms in the week or two before menstruation that resolve after bleeding begins, affecting 3 to 8 percent of menstruating women. - Perimenopause and Menopause Mood Changes
Perimenopause raises the risk of depression and anxiety two to four fold, driven by fluctuating estrogen's effect on serotonin and sleep.
Children and teens
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder is a persistent pattern of angry mood, argumentative behavior and defiance toward authority lasting at least six months and impairing a child's functioning. - Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorder is a persistent pattern of aggression, property destruction, deceit or theft, and serious rule violations in a child or adolescent. - Selective Mutism
Selective mutism is a childhood anxiety disorder in which a child who speaks normally at home consistently fails to speak in specific settings such as school, for at least one month, interfering with education or social life. - Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders
Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, involve sudden repetitive movements or sounds beginning in childhood that wax and wane over time.
Other conditions
- Grief, Loss and Complicated Grief
Grief is a normal response to loss and usually does not require treatment. - Adjustment Disorder and Life Stress
Adjustment disorder is distress or impairment in response to a specific life stressor that begins within three months of the event and exceeds the expected reaction. - Impulse Control Disorders: IED, Kleptomania, Pyromania
Impulse control disorders, including intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania and pyromania, involve repeated failure to resist a harmful urge, with tension beforehand and relief afterward. - Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder is recurrent, impulsive anger outbursts grossly out of proportion to the trigger, followed by remorse. - Somatic Symptom Disorder
Somatic symptom disorder is real, distressing physical symptoms combined with excessive worry, anxiety or preoccupation about them that disrupts daily life, with or without a medical explanation. - Burnout and Work Stress
Burnout is exhaustion, cynicism and reduced effectiveness caused by chronic work stress. - Anger and Irritability
Anger and irritability that damage relationships, work or safety are usually symptoms of a treatable condition such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, bipolar disorder or intermittent explosive disorder.
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